天津小学生英语直接引语和间接引语转换规则
「他说……她说……」转述是英语中的重要表达技能。本文系统讲解直接引语变间接引语的人称变化、时态变化和时间地点调整规则。
你会转述别人的话吗？
“妈妈，老师说我们明天要考试。”
这句话可能来自两种情况：一种是孩子直接复述老师的话，另一种是孩子用自己的话转述老师的话。在英语里，这两种方式有完全不同的语法规则。
老师直接说的：“You will have a test tomorrow.” 直接引语：The teacher said, “You will have a test tomorrow.” 间接引语：The teacher said that we would have a test the next day.
这就是直接引语和间接引语的区别。
在天津小学英语的教学中，间接引语从五年级下册开始正式学习。很多孩子觉得它复杂，其实只要掌握了人称、时态、时间地点三个维度的变化规则，一切都迎刃而解。
一、什么是直接引语和间接引语？
直接引语
直接引用别人的原话，用引号括起来。
He said, ” I am happy. ” 他说：“我很开心。”
She asked, ” Do you like apples? ” 她问：“你喜欢苹果吗？“
间接引语
用自己的话转述别人的意思，不用引号，用that或if/whether连接。
He said that he was happy. 他说他很开心。
She asked if I liked apples. 她问我是否喜欢苹果。
二、陈述句的转换——从”说啥是啥”到”转述”
基本结构
原句：He said, “I am a student.” 转述：He said that he was a student.
”灵魂三变”——人称、时态、时间地点
一变：人称变化
将引语中的人称按照逻辑进行调整。
“I like reading.” → He said that he liked reading. “You are my best friend.” → She told me that I was her best friend. “We will go to the park.” → They said that they would go to the park.
规律：
- 第一人称（I/we）→ 与主句主语一致
- 第二人称（you）→ 与主句宾语一致
- 第三人称（he/she/it/they）→ 不变
二变：时态变化（最重要）
当主句是过去时（如said/told/asked）时，引语的时态要往”过去”方向推一格。
| 直接引语时态 | 间接引语时态 |
|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 一般过去时 |
| 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 |
| 一般将来时 | 过去将来时(would) |
| can | could |
| 一般过去时 | 过去完成时(had+过去分词) |
“I am happy.” → He said he was happy. “I am reading a book.” → She said she was reading a book. “I will come tomorrow.” → He said he would come the next day. “I can swim.” → She said she could swim.
特殊情况：如果引语陈述的是客观事实或真理，时态不变。
The teacher said, “The earth goes around the sun.” → The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.（时态不变！）
My mom said, “Water boils at 100°C.” → My mom said that water boils at 100°C.（时态不变！）
三变：时间地点词语变化
| 直接引语中的词 | 间接引语中的词 |
|---|---|
| now（现在） | then（当时） |
| today（今天） | that day（那天） |
| tonight（今晚） | that night（那晚） |
| yesterday（昨天） | the day before（前一天） |
| last night（昨晚） | the night before（前一晚） |
| tomorrow（明天） | the next day/the following day（第二天） |
| next week（下周） | the next week（第二周） |
| here（这里） | there（那里） |
| this（这个） | that（那个） |
“I am busy today.” → She said that she was busy that day. “I will come tomorrow.” → He said he would come the next day. “I went there yesterday.” → They said they had gone there the day before.
三、疑问句的转换
疑问句转间接引语时，要注意两点：语序变成陈述句语序、用if/whether或疑问词。
一般疑问句：用if/whether连接
She asked, “Do you like dogs?” → She asked if I liked dogs.
He asked, “Is she your sister?” → He asked whether she was my sister.
注意：语序从”is she”变成了”she was”——这是陈述句的语序（主语+动词）。
特殊疑问句：用原来的疑问词连接
He asked, “Where do you live?” → He asked where I lived.
She asked, “What are you doing?” → She asked what I was doing.
注意：疑问词保留，但后面的语序从疑问句语序变成陈述句语序。
四、祈使句的转换
祈使句变成间接引语时，用tell/ask/order + 人 + to do的结构。
“Sit down.” → He told me to sit down. “Don’t run.” → The teacher told us not to run. “Please open the door.” → She asked me to open the door.
五、say vs tell——该用哪个？
在间接引语中，“say”和”tell”的用法有区别：
say + that + 从句（后面不跟人）
He said that he was tired. ✅ say that ❌ say me that
tell + 人 + that + 从句（后面一定要跟人）
He told me that he was tired. ✅ tell someone that ❌ told that
区分口诀：
say后面不跟人，tell后面人才跟
六、易错点汇总
易错1：忘变时态
❌ He said that he is happy. ✅ He said that he was happy.（主句过去时，从句要相应）
易错2：疑问句忘用陈述句语序
❌ She asked where do I live. ✅ She asked where I lived.
易错3：忘变人称
❌ She said, “I like cats.” → She said that I liked cats.（错误——I在从句中指代的是”她”） ✅ She said that she liked cats.（正确——she指代主句主语）
七、练习题
练习1：将直接引语变为间接引语
- He said, “I am tired.”
→ He said that he was tired.
- She said, “I will come tomorrow.”
→ She said that she would come the next day.
- He said, “I can swim.”
→ He said that he could swim.
- She said, “I am reading a story.”
→ She said that she was reading a story.
练习2：疑问句转换
- He asked, “Do you like English?”
→ He asked if I liked English.
- She asked, “Where is the library?”
→ She asked where the library was.
- Mom asked, “Are you hungry?”
→ Mom asked if/whether I was hungry.
练习3：判断正误
- He said that he will come the next day. ( )
- She said that she was happy. ( )
- He told that he was tired. ( )
- She asked what my name was. ( )
答案：
- ❌ — will应为would（主句过去时）
- ✅ — 正确
- ❌ — told后面需要宾语，应为”told me that”
- ✅ — 正确，疑问词what保留，语序正确
胡老师的总结
直接引语变间接引语，看似复杂，其实就三个字——推、改、变。
**“推”**时态——过去推成过去完成，现在推成过去，将来推成过去将来。
**“改”**人称——从原话的角度改成转述者的角度。
**“变”**词语——today变that day，tomorrow变the next day，here变there。
给家长的建议：
-
日常生活中练习转述：爸爸做饭时说”I am busy.” → 让孩子对妈妈说”Daddy said that he was busy.” 练个几次就熟练了。
-
从陈述句开始：先练”某人说……”的转述，再练问句，最后练祈使句，循序渐进。
-
不要纠结”所有”规则：对于小学生来说，掌握人称变化和时态变化（一般现在→一般过去、一般将来→would、can→could）已经足够了。时态后推两格（如一般过去→过去完成）暂时不需要死磕。