小学生英语介词短语与动词短语——让语言更地道的300个常用搭配
系统整理小学生必备的介词短语和动词短语，胡老师讲解如何帮助孩子掌握这些地道表达
小学生英语介词短语与动词短语——让语言更地道的300个常用搭配
在宇嘉教育的一次英语角活动中，胡老师问了一个很有意思的问题：“为什么要说’look after the baby’而不是’look the baby’？为什么是’good at English’而不是’good English’？”
孩子们纷纷摇头，很多家长也面面相觑。
答案其实很简单——英语中的介词短语（Prepositional Phrases）和动词短语（Phrasal Verbs）决定了语言是否地道。 就像中文里我们会说”在……方面擅长”而不是”擅长于……方面”一样，英语也有自己固定的搭配习惯。
一、为什么介词和动词短语如此重要？
1.1 让表达更加地道自然
掌握这些短语搭配，孩子的英语表达会从”机械翻译式”变成”自然地道式”：
- ❌ “I look the cat.”（中式表达）
- ✅ “I look after the cat.”（地道表达）
- ❌ “I am interested to English.”
- ✅ “I am interested in English.”
1.2 考试中的高频考点
在天津各区小学英语考试中，介词短语和动词短语是每年必考的内容。考查形式包括：
- 选择题：She is good ___ math.
- 完形填空：Look ___ the blackboard, please.
- 连词成句：the / look / after / can / you / baby / ?
- 阅读理解：正确理解短语在文中的含义
1.3 提升阅读速度和理解深度
当孩子能够一眼识别出”take care of”是一个整体短语时，他就不再需要逐词翻译”拿+关心+的”，阅读效率自然大幅提升。
二、小学生必备的8大类介词短语
2.1 时间介词短语
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| in the morning/afternoon/evening | 在早上/下午/晚上 | I do my homework in the evening. |
| at noon/night/midnight | 在中午/夜晚/午夜 | We have lunch at noon. |
| on Monday/Tuesday… | 在周一/周二… | We have PE on Monday. |
| on the weekend/weekdays | 在周末/平日 | I visit my grandma on the weekend. |
| in spring/summer/… | 在春季/夏季… | Flowers bloom in spring. |
| in 2025 / in June | 在2025年/在六月 | School starts in September. |
| at 7 o’clock | 在7点 | I get up at 7 o’clock. |
| at the same time | 在同一时间 | They arrived at the same time. |
| on time | 准时 | Please come on time. |
| in time | 及时 | We got there in time for the show. |
易混淆辨析：胡老师教给同学们一个口诀——“in年in月in季节，on天on日on星期，at时刻at noon at night”。
2.2 地点方位介词短语
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| in the box/bag/room | 在盒子/包/房间里 | The cat is in the box. |
| on the desk/table/wall | 在桌子/餐桌/墙上 | Your book is on the desk. |
| under the bed/chair | 在床/椅子下面 | The ball is under the bed. |
| behind the door | 在门后 | Who is hiding behind the door? |
| in front of the house | 在房子前面 | There is a tree in front of the house. |
| next to the school | 在学校旁边 | The library is next to the school. |
| between A and B | 在A和B之间 | The park is between the school and the hospital. |
| across from the bank | 在银行对面 | The supermarket is across from the bank. |
| near the river | 在河附近 | My house is near the river. |
| at the corner | 在拐角处 | The bus stop is at the corner. |
2.3 方式介词短语
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| by bus / train / plane | 乘公交/火车/飞机 | I go to school by bus. |
| by bike / car | 骑自行车/开车 | He goes to work by car. |
| on foot | 步行 | I go to school on foot. |
| by myself / yourself | 独自 | I can do it by myself. |
| in English / Chinese | 用英语/中文 | Please write it in English. |
| with a pencil / pen | 用铅笔/钢笔 | Draw a picture with a pencil. |
2.4 其他高频介词短语
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| at home / school / work | 在家/在学校/在工作 | I am at home now. |
| at the party / meeting | 在聚会/会议上 | We had fun at the party. |
| on TV / the phone / the radio | 在电视上/电话里/收音机里 | I saw it on TV. |
| in the picture / photo | 在图片/照片里 | The boy in the picture is my brother. |
| in hospital / bed | 住院/在床上 | He is sick in hospital. |
三、小学生必备的6大类动词短语（Phrasal Verbs）
3.1 与”看”相关的动词短语
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| look at… | 看…… | Look at the blackboard. |
| look for… | 寻找…… | I am looking for my keys. |
| look after… | 照顾…… | Please look after your little sister. |
| look like… | 看起来像…… | She looks like her mother. |
| look up… | 查阅（字典等） | Look up the word in the dictionary. |
| look out | 小心 | Look out! There is a car! |
3.2 与”放”相关的动词短语
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| put on | 穿上 | Put on your coat. |
| put away | 收好 | Put away your toys. |
| put up | 举起/张贴 | Put up your hand. Put up the picture. |
| put down | 放下 | Put down your pencil. |
| put out | 熄灭 | Please put out the fire. |
3.3 与”来/去”相关的动词短语
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| get up | 起床 | I get up at 6:30. |
| get on / off | 上/下车（公交/火车） | Get on the bus. Get off at the next stop. |
| get home / there | 到家/到那里 | I get home at 5:00. |
| come in | 进来 | Come in, please. |
| come back | 回来 | When will you come back? |
| go out | 出去 | Don’t go out at night. |
| go back | 回去 | Go back to your seat. |
| go away | 走开 | The cat went away. |
3.4 与”取”相关的动词短语
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| take off | 脱下/起飞 | Take off your shoes. The plane took off. |
| take away | 拿走 | The waiter took away the plates. |
| take care of | 照顾 | Please take care of your pet. |
| take out | 拿出 | Take out your notebook. |
3.5 与”等待/寻找”相关的动词短语
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| wait for | 等待 | I am waiting for the bus. |
| ask for | 请求/要 | He asked for some water. |
| pay for | 付款 | My dad paid for the ticket. |
| search for | 搜索 | The police searched for the missing cat. |
| care about | 关心 | She cares about her friends. |
| worry about | 担心 | Don’t worry about the test. |
3.6 其他高频动词短语
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| listen to | 听 | Listen to the teacher. |
| talk to / with | 和……谈话 | I want to talk to you. |
| play with | 和……一起玩 | Play with your friends. |
| think about | 考虑/思考 | Think about the question. |
| talk about | 谈论 | They are talking about the movie. |
| write down | 写下 | Write down your name. |
| turn on / off | 打开/关闭 | Turn on the light. Turn off the TV. |
| laugh at | 嘲笑 | Don’t laugh at others. |
| hurry up | 快点 | Hurry up! We are late! |
四、如何帮助孩子掌握这些短语
4.1 分类记忆法
不要给孩子一本”短语大全”让他背，而是要分类整理、主题学习。宇嘉教育的胡老师推荐使用思维导图工具——以一个动词为中心（如”look”），画出它的各种搭配（look at, look for, look after……），配上图片，视觉化记忆效果更好。
4.2 语境理解法
每个短语都放在完整的句子中学习。不要孤立的”look after = 照顾”，而是给孩子句子：
- “Mom, I will look after my little brother.”
- “The nurse looks after the sick people.”
让孩子在2-3个不同语境中看到同样的短语，才能建立深刻的理解。
4.3 游戏练习法
短语连连看：把动词（go, put, look）和介词（on, up, after）分别写在卡片上，让孩子自由组合并说出含义。
动作表演：家长说出”turn on the light”，孩子做”开灯”的动作；家长做出”穿衣服”的动作，孩子说”put on your coat”。通过身体参与来加深记忆。
4.4 阅读中发现法
不要刻意教所有短语，而是鼓励孩子在阅读中”发现”它们。准备一支荧光笔，每当孩子在故事中看到”look at”或”get up”这样的短语时，就把它标注出来。这个”发现”的过程，记忆效果远超被动接受。
五、各年级重点短语推荐
1-2年级（掌握50-80个）
以最简单的介词短语和日常用语为主：
- 方位介词：in, on, under, behind
- 时间介词：in the morning, at night
- 日常动作：get up, go to bed, come in
- 学习用语：listen to, look at, write down
3-4年级（掌握150-200个）
重点拓展动词短语：
- 所有look系列短语
- 所有get系列短语
- put on/off/away/up
- take off/out/care of
- 常见方式介词：by bus, on foot, in English
5-6年级（掌握250-300个）
系统学习更复杂的短语搭配：
- 含多个介词的多词短语
- 区分及物/不及物动词短语
- 实际写作中运用
- 阅读理解中推断未知短语含义
写在最后
掌握介词短语和动词短语就像是给孩子的英语装上了”润滑剂”——表达更流畅、理解更深入、考试更有把握。但胡老师想提醒家长：不要试图让孩��一天记住所有短语。语言学习是一个渐进积累的过程，日积月累胜过一日之功。
在宇嘉教育，我们通过大量的阅读材料、情景对话和游戏练习，让孩子在”用”中学，在”玩”中记。每周5-8个新短语，配上及时的复习巩固——一个学期下来，孩子就能掌握一整套地道的英语表达方式。
从今天开始，用正确的方法，帮孩子从”背单词”走向”用语言”吧！