天津小学生英语相对从句(定语从句)全面解析-who/which/that/whose超详细讲解
从概念到应用,系统讲解小学阶段需要掌握的定语从句知识,包含关系代词who/which/that/whose的用法对比、常见错误分析和大量真题训练,帮天津孩子攻克这个语法难点。
一、什么是定语从句?——用一句话讲给孩子听
很多天津家长一看到”定语从句”四个字就头皮发麻,觉得这是初中才学的知识。实际上,天津各个版本的小学英语教材(精通版/人教PEP版)在五年级下册就已经出现了定语从句的雏形,而和平区、河西区等重点小学的期末考卷更是经常出现。
定语从句,简单说就是一个句子”躲”在另一个句子里,用来描述某个名词。
比如:
- I like the book. (我喜欢那本书。)
- The book has beautiful pictures. (那本书有漂亮的图片。)
- 合并后:I like the book that has beautiful pictures.(我喜欢那本有漂亮图片的书。)
那个被”包”进去的句子”that has beautiful pictures”就是定语从句,它用来告诉我们是”哪一本”书。
胡老师说:告诉孩子一个简单的判断方法——如果看到两个句子里有重复的名词(比如上面两句话都有”the book”),八成就能合成一个定语从句!
二、关系代词——连接两个句子的”桥梁”
定语从句需要用”关系代词”这座桥来连接。小学阶段需要掌握的关系代词一共有4个:
| 关系代词 | 指代对象 | 在从句中的作用 | 可否省略 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语/宾语 | 做宾语时可省略 |
| whom | 人(较正式) | 宾语 | 可省略/用who代替 |
| which | 事物/动物 | 主语/宾语 | 做宾语时可省略 |
| that | 人+事物 | 主语/宾语 | 做宾语时可省略 |
| whose | 人/事物的”谁的” | 定语 | 不可省略 |
who——指人(做主语)
当后面从句缺少”谁做了某事”时,用who来连接。
基本结构:人 + who + 动词
例句:
- The girl who is singing is my sister.(正在唱歌的那个女孩是我妹妹。)
- I know a boy who can speak three languages.(我认识一个会说三种语言的男孩。)
- Do you know the man who is standing there?(你认识站在那边的那个人吗?)
找错(让孩子找出错误):
The boy who standing at the door is Tom. 错误答案❌:who后面的standing缺少be动词 正确答案 ✅:The boy who is standing at the door is Tom.
which——指物(做主语或宾语)
当从句描述”什么东西/哪件东西”时,用which连接。
基本结构:事物 + which + 动词
例句:
- This is the book which I bought yesterday.(这是我昨天买的那本书。)
- The house which has a big garden is my home.(那个有大花园的房子是我家。)
- I can’t find the pen which you gave me.(我找不到你给我的那支笔了。)
that——万能选手(人和物都能用)
that是最常用的关系代词,既可以代替who,也可以代替which。在小学阶段,绝大多数定语从句都可以用that。
例句:
- The dog that is playing in the park is cute.(在公园里玩的那只狗真可爱。——指物)
- The teacher that teaches us English is very kind.(教我们英语的那位老师很和蔼。——指人)
⚠️ 特别提醒:that和which有一个”不通用”的规则——在介词后面只能用which,不能用that。比如: ❌ This is the house in that I live. ✅ This is the house in which I live.(这就是我住的房子。) 不过,小学阶段极少考到这个知识点,家长不用太担心。
whose——表示”谁的”
whose表示”……的”,小学阶段主要出现在这两种情况中:
- 指人:The boy whose father is a doctor is my classmate.(爸爸是医生的那个男孩是我同学。)
- 指物:This is the book whose cover is red.(封面是红色的那本书。——更自然表达:the book that has a red cover)
思维向导:用whose时,从句中一定有一个名词(父亲、名字、眼睛、封面等)表示所属关系。
三、定语从句的”三步合成法”
教孩子用三步法把两个句子合成定语从句:
第一步:找出两个句子中相同的词
- I like the teacher. ← and → The teacher is funny.
- 相同:the teacher
第二步:把第二个句子中的相同词替换成关系代词
- the teacher → who
- → who is funny
第三步:把替换后的从句紧贴在第一个句子中的那个词后面
- I like the teacher who is funny.
实战演练一(和孩子一起做):
原句1:I have a dog. 原句2:The dog can dance.
步骤1:相同的是”a dog / The dog” 步骤2:第二个”the dog”换成which 步骤3:I have a dog which can dance.
实战演练二(和平区五年级期中真题改编):
原句1:This is the school. 原句2:I study at the school.
步骤1:相同的是”the school” 步骤2:第二个”the school”换成which/that 步骤3:This is the school which I study at.
更正式说法:This is the school at which I study.(不过用第一种就够了)
四、天津各区考试常见题型
题型一:选择题——选关系代词
真题1(南开区六年级):
The woman ______ is wearing a red dress is my aunt. A. which B. whose C. who D. whom 解析:前面是”woman”(人),从句缺少主语(是谁穿着红裙子),→选who 答案:C
真题2(河西区五年级):
I can’t find the book ______ I borrowed from the library. A. who B. whose C. which D. whom 解析:前面是”book”(物),从句缺少宾语(借了”什么”),→选which/that 答案:C(D是whom指人,不对)
真题3(河东区小升初模拟):
Do you know the boy ______ mother is a doctor? A. who B. which C. whose D. that 解析:从句中”mother”前缺少”谁的”,→选whose 答案:C
题型二:合并句子
这是天津各区小学英语考试的经典题型:
例题(红桥区六年级):
I have a friend. He lives in Beijing. → I have a friend who lives in Beijing.
练习:
-
This is the cake. My mother made it. → This is the cake which/that my mother made.
-
The boy is my brother. He is wearing a blue hat. → The boy who is wearing a blue hat is my brother.
-
I like the movie. It is very interesting. → I like the movie which/that is very interesting.
题型三:改错题
真题(河北区五年级):
找出错误并改正:The book who I read is very interesting. 解析:书是”物”,不能用who,应该用which或that 答案:who → which/that
五、小学生常见的定语从句错误及纠正
错误1:关系代词重复使用
❌ 错误:This is the pen which I bought it yesterday. ✅ 正确:This is the pen which I bought yesterday.
原因:which已经代表了”那支笔”,后面的it就多余了。告诉孩子:用了关系代词,后面就不能再出现那个词了。
错误2:指人指物混用
❌ 错误:The dog who is barking is mine. ✅ 正确:The dog which/that is barking is mine.
原因:动物一般用which/that,而who/whom通常指人。不过,宠物狗可以用who来表示亲密关系——但这个知识点小学不考,先掌握标准用法。
错误3:句子不完整
❌ 错误:The girl who is my classmate. ✅ 完整:I know the girl who is my classmate.(主句+从句才完整)
原因:定语从句只是”零件”,不能单独成句,必须有主句。
六、定语从句特殊用法(小升初必看)
当关系代词做宾语时——可以省略!
这是很多天津家长都不知道的知识点。当who, which, that在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。
比较:
- The girl who is singing is my cousin.(who是主语→不能省略)
- The girl (who/whom/that) you met is my cousin.(who是宾语→可以省略)
具体来说:
- 做主语时:❌ 不能省略
- The dog which is sleeping is very old. → which不能省
- 做宾语时:✅ 可以省略
- The dog (which) I found on the street is very old. → which可以省
胡老师说:判断是否可省略有一个”金标准”——看看关系代词后面是不是紧跟名词/代词(主语),如果是,那就是做宾语,可以省。比如”you met”中you是主语,关系代词做宾语。
介词+which的用法(小升初高频考点)
天津小升初考试中常常出现这类题目:
例题:
This is the house in which I lived when I was young. = This is the house which I lived in when I was young.
常见介词搭配:
- in which = where(在……里面)
- on which(在……上面)
- for which(为了……)
- with which(用……)
- about which(关于……)
真题(和平区六年级):
This is the topic ______ we talked about yesterday. A. on which B. which C. about which D. in which 解析:talk about是固定搭配,所以用about which 答案:C
七、家中趣味练习法
方法1:猜人猜物游戏
家长先想一个人或一个东西,用定语从句描述,让孩子猜:
例子:
家长:I’m thinking of a person who wears glasses.(想一个戴眼镜的人。) 孩子:Is it Dad? 家长:No. A person who teaches at school.(一个在学校教书的人。) 孩子:It’s Miss Wang!(王老师!)
这样孩子在游戏中不知不觉就熟练了定语从句的用法。
方法2:图书推荐卡片
鼓励孩子用定语从句写”图书推荐”:
I recommend the book which is about a magic school.(我推荐一本关于魔法学校的书。) The main character is a boy who has a scar on his head.(主角是个头上有一道伤疤的男孩。)
方法3:照片描述
翻看家庭相册,让孩子用定语从句描述照片:
This is my grandpa who loves fishing.(这是我爱钓鱼的爷爷。) This is the park where we had a picnic.(这是我们野餐过的公园。)
八、综合测试题
一、单选题
-
This is the dog ______ saved a little girl’s life. A. who B. which C. whose D. whom
-
The girl ______ name is Amy is my best friend. A. who B. which C. whose D. that
-
I like teachers ______ are patient and kind. A. who B. which C. whose D. whom
-
The cake ______ my mum made is very delicious. A. who B. whose C. which D. where
二、合并句子
-
I have a bike. The bike is blue. → ________________________________________
-
The man is our headmaster. He is talking to Miss Li. → ________________________________________
-
This is the park. We often play in the park. → ________________________________________
三、改错
-
This is the cat who caught a mouse. → ________________________________________
-
The book what I read is very interesting. → ________________________________________
-
I know the boy which mother is a doctor. → ________________________________________
参考答案
- B(狗→which;救了女孩的命→做主语不能省)
- C(name前需要”谁的”→whose)
- A(老师是人→who)
- C(蛋糕是物→which/that;做宾语可省略)
- I have a bike which/that is blue.
- The man who is talking to Miss Li is our headmaster.
- This is the park which/that we often play in. / This is the park where we often play.(where更口语化)
- who → which/that(猫是动物,用which/that)
- what → which/that(定语从句不用what连接)
- which → whose(表示”谁的母亲”)
九、学习路线建议
| 阶段 | 知识点 | 适合年级 |
|---|---|---|
| 第一阶段 | 认识who/which/that的基本区别 | 四年级下学期 |
| 第二阶段 | who/which/that做主语和宾语的不同用法 | 五年级全年 |
| 第三阶段 | whose的用法、宾语关系代词的省略 | 六年级上学期 |
| 第四阶段 | 介词+which、限制性vs非限制性定语从句 | 小升初/六年级下学期 |
定语从句是连接小学英语和初中英语的重要桥梁。天津孩子从四年级开始接触,到六年级熟练掌握who/which/that/whose的用法,就能在初中英语学习中轻松很多。
宇嘉教育始终关注天津本地教学特色。如果您在辅导过程中遇到困惑,欢迎联系宇嘉教育,胡老师团队为您提供专业的英语学习咨询。掌握定语从句,让孩子的小升初英语之路更加顺畅!