天津小学生英语相对从句(定语从句)全面解析-who/which/that/whose超详细讲解

从概念到应用,系统讲解小学阶段需要掌握的定语从句知识,包含关系代词who/which/that/whose的用法对比、常见错误分析和大量真题训练,帮天津孩子攻克这个语法难点。

一、什么是定语从句?——用一句话讲给孩子听

很多天津家长一看到”定语从句”四个字就头皮发麻,觉得这是初中才学的知识。实际上,天津各个版本的小学英语教材(精通版/人教PEP版)在五年级下册就已经出现了定语从句的雏形,而和平区、河西区等重点小学的期末考卷更是经常出现。

定语从句,简单说就是一个句子”躲”在另一个句子里,用来描述某个名词

比如:

那个被”包”进去的句子”that has beautiful pictures”就是定语从句,它用来告诉我们是”哪一本”书。

胡老师说:告诉孩子一个简单的判断方法——如果看到两个句子里有重复的名词(比如上面两句话都有”the book”),八成就能合成一个定语从句!

二、关系代词——连接两个句子的”桥梁”

定语从句需要用”关系代词”这座桥来连接。小学阶段需要掌握的关系代词一共有4个:

关系代词指代对象在从句中的作用可否省略
who主语/宾语做宾语时可省略
whom人(较正式)宾语可省略/用who代替
which事物/动物主语/宾语做宾语时可省略
that人+事物主语/宾语做宾语时可省略
whose人/事物的”谁的”定语不可省略

who——指人(做主语)

当后面从句缺少”谁做了某事”时,用who来连接。

基本结构:人 + who + 动词

例句

找错(让孩子找出错误):

The boy who standing at the door is Tom. 错误答案❌:who后面的standing缺少be动词 正确答案 ✅:The boy who is standing at the door is Tom.

which——指物(做主语或宾语)

当从句描述”什么东西/哪件东西”时,用which连接。

基本结构:事物 + which + 动词

例句

that——万能选手(人和物都能用)

that是最常用的关系代词,既可以代替who,也可以代替which。在小学阶段,绝大多数定语从句都可以用that

例句

⚠️ 特别提醒:that和which有一个”不通用”的规则——在介词后面只能用which,不能用that。比如: ❌ This is the house in that I live. ✅ This is the house in which I live.(这就是我住的房子。) 不过,小学阶段极少考到这个知识点,家长不用太担心。

whose——表示”谁的”

whose表示”……的”,小学阶段主要出现在这两种情况中:

思维向导:用whose时,从句中一定有一个名词(父亲、名字、眼睛、封面等)表示所属关系。

三、定语从句的”三步合成法”

教孩子用三步法把两个句子合成定语从句:

第一步:找出两个句子中相同的词

第二步:把第二个句子中的相同词替换成关系代词

第三步:把替换后的从句紧贴在第一个句子中的那个词后面

实战演练一(和孩子一起做):

原句1:I have a dog. 原句2:The dog can dance.

步骤1:相同的是”a dog / The dog” 步骤2:第二个”the dog”换成which 步骤3:I have a dog which can dance.

实战演练二(和平区五年级期中真题改编):

原句1:This is the school. 原句2:I study at the school.

步骤1:相同的是”the school” 步骤2:第二个”the school”换成which/that 步骤3:This is the school which I study at.

更正式说法:This is the school at which I study.(不过用第一种就够了)

四、天津各区考试常见题型

题型一:选择题——选关系代词

真题1(南开区六年级):

The woman ______ is wearing a red dress is my aunt. A. which B. whose C. who D. whom 解析:前面是”woman”(人),从句缺少主语(是谁穿着红裙子),→选who 答案:C

真题2(河西区五年级):

I can’t find the book ______ I borrowed from the library. A. who B. whose C. which D. whom 解析:前面是”book”(物),从句缺少宾语(借了”什么”),→选which/that 答案:C(D是whom指人,不对)

真题3(河东区小升初模拟):

Do you know the boy ______ mother is a doctor? A. who B. which C. whose D. that 解析:从句中”mother”前缺少”谁的”,→选whose 答案:C

题型二:合并句子

这是天津各区小学英语考试的经典题型:

例题(红桥区六年级):

I have a friend. He lives in Beijing. → I have a friend who lives in Beijing.

练习

  1. This is the cake. My mother made it. → This is the cake which/that my mother made.

  2. The boy is my brother. He is wearing a blue hat. → The boy who is wearing a blue hat is my brother.

  3. I like the movie. It is very interesting. → I like the movie which/that is very interesting.

题型三:改错题

真题(河北区五年级):

找出错误并改正:The book who I read is very interesting. 解析:书是”物”,不能用who,应该用which或that 答案:who → which/that

五、小学生常见的定语从句错误及纠正

错误1:关系代词重复使用

❌ 错误:This is the pen which I bought it yesterday. ✅ 正确:This is the pen which I bought yesterday.

原因:which已经代表了”那支笔”,后面的it就多余了。告诉孩子:用了关系代词,后面就不能再出现那个词了

错误2:指人指物混用

❌ 错误:The dog who is barking is mine. ✅ 正确:The dog which/that is barking is mine.

原因:动物一般用which/that,而who/whom通常指人。不过,宠物狗可以用who来表示亲密关系——但这个知识点小学不考,先掌握标准用法。

错误3:句子不完整

❌ 错误:The girl who is my classmate. ✅ 完整:I know the girl who is my classmate.(主句+从句才完整)

原因:定语从句只是”零件”,不能单独成句,必须有主句。

六、定语从句特殊用法(小升初必看)

当关系代词做宾语时——可以省略!

这是很多天津家长都不知道的知识点。当who, which, that在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。

比较

具体来说:

胡老师说:判断是否可省略有一个”金标准”——看看关系代词后面是不是紧跟名词/代词(主语),如果是,那就是做宾语,可以省。比如”you met”中you是主语,关系代词做宾语。

介词+which的用法(小升初高频考点)

天津小升初考试中常常出现这类题目:

例题

This is the house in which I lived when I was young. = This is the house which I lived in when I was young.

常见介词搭配

真题(和平区六年级):

This is the topic ______ we talked about yesterday. A. on which B. which C. about which D. in which 解析:talk about是固定搭配,所以用about which 答案:C

七、家中趣味练习法

方法1:猜人猜物游戏

家长先想一个人或一个东西,用定语从句描述,让孩子猜:

例子

家长:I’m thinking of a person who wears glasses.(想一个戴眼镜的人。) 孩子:Is it Dad? 家长:No. A person who teaches at school.(一个在学校教书的人。) 孩子:It’s Miss Wang!(王老师!)

这样孩子在游戏中不知不觉就熟练了定语从句的用法。

方法2:图书推荐卡片

鼓励孩子用定语从句写”图书推荐”:

I recommend the book which is about a magic school.(我推荐一本关于魔法学校的书。) The main character is a boy who has a scar on his head.(主角是个头上有一道伤疤的男孩。)

方法3:照片描述

翻看家庭相册,让孩子用定语从句描述照片:

This is my grandpa who loves fishing.(这是我爱钓鱼的爷爷。) This is the park where we had a picnic.(这是我们野餐过的公园。)

八、综合测试题

一、单选题

  1. This is the dog ______ saved a little girl’s life. A. who B. which C. whose D. whom

  2. The girl ______ name is Amy is my best friend. A. who B. which C. whose D. that

  3. I like teachers ______ are patient and kind. A. who B. which C. whose D. whom

  4. The cake ______ my mum made is very delicious. A. who B. whose C. which D. where

二、合并句子

  1. I have a bike. The bike is blue. → ________________________________________

  2. The man is our headmaster. He is talking to Miss Li. → ________________________________________

  3. This is the park. We often play in the park. → ________________________________________

三、改错

  1. This is the cat who caught a mouse. → ________________________________________

  2. The book what I read is very interesting. → ________________________________________

  3. I know the boy which mother is a doctor. → ________________________________________

参考答案

  1. B(狗→which;救了女孩的命→做主语不能省)
  2. C(name前需要”谁的”→whose)
  3. A(老师是人→who)
  4. C(蛋糕是物→which/that;做宾语可省略)
  5. I have a bike which/that is blue.
  6. The man who is talking to Miss Li is our headmaster.
  7. This is the park which/that we often play in. / This is the park where we often play.(where更口语化)
  8. who → which/that(猫是动物,用which/that)
  9. what → which/that(定语从句不用what连接)
  10. which → whose(表示”谁的母亲”)

九、学习路线建议

阶段知识点适合年级
第一阶段认识who/which/that的基本区别四年级下学期
第二阶段who/which/that做主语和宾语的不同用法五年级全年
第三阶段whose的用法、宾语关系代词的省略六年级上学期
第四阶段介词+which、限制性vs非限制性定语从句小升初/六年级下学期

定语从句是连接小学英语和初中英语的重要桥梁。天津孩子从四年级开始接触,到六年级熟练掌握who/which/that/whose的用法,就能在初中英语学习中轻松很多。

宇嘉教育始终关注天津本地教学特色。如果您在辅导过程中遇到困惑,欢迎联系宇嘉教育,胡老师团队为您提供专业的英语学习咨询。掌握定语从句,让孩子的小升初英语之路更加顺畅!