天津小学生英语非谓语动词入门-to-do与doing的用法区别与练习
针对天津小学高年级和小升初备考学生,系统讲解动词不定式(to do)和动名词(doing)的基本用法、搭配规则和易混点,通过大量真题帮助孩子掌握这一初小衔接关键语法。
一、什么是”非谓语动词”?——一个形象的比喻
动词就像一个”演员”,在句子中通常扮演”谓语”的角色,表示动作。但有时候,一个句子需要多个动作,比如”I want to play football.”——这里有”want”和”play”两个动作。一个句子不能有两个谓语怎么办呢?
答案是:把其中一个动词”变形”,变成”非谓语”形式——to do(不定式)或doing(动名词/现在分词)。
胡老师说:给天津孩子讲非谓语动词,最形象的比喻是:“如果一辆车上已经有一个司机(谓语动词),再多的人就只能坐后排(to do/doing)。“——一句话里只能有一个谓语动词,其他动词都要变形成非谓语形式。
二、to do(动词不定式)的基本用法
结构
to + 动词原形 例:to play / to eat / to study
用法1:接在动词后面(最常见)
小学阶段需要掌握只能接to do的动词(用口诀记忆):
想要拒绝学,同意选择决 — 想要(want to)、拒绝(refuse to)、学会(learn to) — 同意(agree to)、选择(choose to)、决定(decide to)
例句:
- I want to go to the park.(我想去公园。)
- She learned to swim last summer.(她去年夏天学会了游泳。)
- They decided to stay at home.(他们决定待在家里。)
其他常见动词:
- hope to(希望做)
- plan to(计划做)
- need to(需要做)
- try to(努力做)
- promise to(承诺做)
- would like to(想要做)
用法2:接在”动词+宾语”后面
动词 + 人 + to do
常见动词:
- tell sb. to do(告诉某人做某事)
- ask sb. to do(请求某人做某事)
- want sb. to do(想要某人做某事)
- teach sb. to do(教某人做某事)
例句:
- My mum told me to clean my room.(妈妈让我打扫房间。)
- The teacher asked us to read the book.(老师要求我们读这本书。)
否定形式:在to前面加not
She told me not to be late.(她告诉我不要迟到。) He asked them not to make noise.(他请他们不要吵闹。)
用法3:why引导的句式(小升初高频考点)
Why not + 动词原形?(为什么不……?) = Why don’t you/we + 动词原形?
例句:
- Why not have a try?(为什么不试试?)
- Why not go with us?(为什么不跟我们一起去?)
注意:Why not后面不是to do,是动词原形!
三、doing(动名词)的基本用法
结构
动词原形 + ing 例:playing / eating / studying
用法1:接在动词后面(最常见的用法)
只能接doing的动词(用口诀记忆):
喜欢享受避免,习惯介意继续 — 喜欢(enjoy)、享受(enjoy)、避免(avoid) — 习惯(be used to)、介意(mind)、继续(keep/go on)
其他常见动词:finish(完成)、practice(练习)、suggest(建议)、can’t help(忍不住)
例句:
- He enjoys reading books.(他喜欢读书。)
- Have you finished doing your homework?(你做完作业了吗?)
- Please keep trying!(请继续努力!)
- Do you mind opening the window?(你介意打开窗户吗?)
用法2:作主语(天津小升初常考)
doing短语可以放在句首作主语,谓语动词用单数:
Swimming is fun.(游泳很有趣。) Reading makes you smart.(阅读让你变聪明。) Playing football is my favourite sport.(踢足球是我最喜欢的运动。)
四、既接to do又接doing的动词——意思可能不同!
这是天津小升初考试中最容易出错的考点:
核心三组对比
① like/love + to do vs doing
- like doing = 喜欢做(习惯性、一般性)
- like to do = 喜欢去做(具体某一次)
I like swimming.(我喜欢游泳。——习惯爱好) I like to swim this afternoon.(我今天下午想去游泳。——具体某次)
在小学阶段,大部分情况下可以互换使用,区别不大。但天津小升初考试中,如果强调”具体某一次”,最好用like to do。
② stop + to do vs doing(最重要的一组!)
这两个意思完全相反:
- stop to do = 停下来去做另一件事
- stop doing = 停止正在做的事
He stopped to smoke.(他停下来去抽烟。——停下别的事,去抽烟) He stopped smoking.(他停止抽烟。——不抽烟了)
记忆法:
- stop to do → to表示”去”→ 停下来去做另一件事
- stop doing → doing表示”正在做的事”→ 停止正在做的事
天津小升初真题(和平区):
When the teacher came in, the students stopped ______. A. to talk B. talking C. talk D. talked 解析:老师进来了,学生们”停止说话”→停止正在做的事→stop talking 答案:B
③ remember/forget + to do vs doing
- remember to do = 记得要去做某事(还没做)
- remember doing = 记得做过某事(已经做了)
- forget to do = 忘记要去做某事(还没做)
- forget doing = 忘记做过某事(已经做了)
Remember to lock the door.(记得要锁门。——还没锁) I remember locking the door.(我记得锁了门。——锁过了) Don’t forget to bring your book.(别忘了带书。——还没带) I forgot bringing my book.(我忘了带书这件事。——其实书在包里)
记忆法:to do→未做(to表示”去”,还没干);doing→已做(做完了)
真题(南开区六年级):
Please remember ______ the window when you leave. A. close B. to close C. closing D. is close 解析:“记得要关窗户”→还没做→remember to close 答案:B
五、天津各区非谓语动词常考题型
题型一:选择to do还是doing
真题1(和平区五年级):
My little brother enjoys ______ cartoons. A. watch B. watches C. watching D. to watch 解析:enjoy后面接doing→enjoy watching 答案:C
真题2(河西区六年级):
He wants ______ a doctor when he grows up. A. be B. to be C. being D. is 解析:want后面接to do→wants to be 答案:B
真题3(南开区小升初模拟):
We decided ______ the museum yesterday. A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited 解析:decide后面接to do→decided to visit 答案:C
题型二:改错
真题4(红桥区六年级):
My father enjoys to read newspapers in the evening. 解析:enjoy后面要接doing→reading 改错:to read → reading
真题5(河北区小升初):
I want go shopping with my mother tomorrow. 解析:want后面要加to→to go 改错:want go → want to go
题型三:完成句子
真题6(河东区六年级):
我弟弟喜欢踢足球。 My brother enjoys ______ football. 答案:playing
真题7(滨海新区小升初):
请记得明天叫醒我。 Please remember ______ me up tomorrow. 答案:to wake
六、非谓语动词完整动词清单
to do搭配
| 动词 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| want to | I want to play. |
| hope to | I hope to see you. |
| decide to | We decided to go. |
| plan to | They plan to move. |
| learn to | She learned to cook. |
| need to | I need to rest. |
| try to | Try to be quiet. |
| promise to | I promise to come. |
| agree to | He agreed to help. |
| choose to | She chose to stay. |
| refuse to | He refused to answer. |
| would like to | I’d like to eat. |
doing搭配
| 动词 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| enjoy doing | I enjoy reading. |
| finish doing | I finished cleaning. |
| practice doing | Practice speaking. |
| keep doing | Keep trying! |
| mind doing | Do you mind waiting? |
| suggest doing | He suggested going. |
| avoid doing | Avoid being late. |
| can’t help doing | I can’t help laughing. |
| be good at doing | She is good at singing. |
| be interested in doing | I’m interested in learning. |
| be afraid of doing | I’m afraid of flying. |
七、常见错误及纠正
错误1:非谓语动词和谓语动词混淆
❌ 错误:I go to school take a bus. ✅ 正确:I go to school by bus. / I take a bus to go to school.
纠正:一个句子只能有一个谓语动词(带时态变化)。如果你用了两个动词,第二个一定要变成非谓语形式或借助介词/连词。
错误2:忘记to do中的to
❌ 错误:I want play football. ✅ 正确:I want to play football.
纠正:在want, hope, decide, plan, learn, need, try等词后面,必须加to再加动词原形。可以制作一张”必加to”的动词卡片贴在书桌上。
错误3:enjoy后面用to do
❌ 错误:I enjoy to swim. ✅ 正确:I enjoy swimming.
纠正:enjoy, finish, practice, mind, keep等词后面一定要用doing,不用to do。可以用口诀”喜欢享受避免,习惯介意继续”来记忆。
错误4:like doing/ to do混淆
❌ 错误:I like to swimming. ✅ 正确:I like swimming / to swim.
纠正:like后面两种都可以,但形式要对。要么doing,要么to do,不能混用。
八、趣味练习
选择填空
- Tom enjoys ______ (play) basketball after school.
- My mother wants ______ (buy) a new dress.
- Please remember ______ (bring) your homework tomorrow.
- I finished ______ (do) my homework at 8 o’clock.
- He stopped ______ (have) a rest when he was tired.
- She is good at ______ (dance).
- They decided ______ (go) to the zoo.
- Would you like ______ (have) some tea?
- Keep ______ (try), and you will succeed.
- I’m afraid of ______ (swim) in deep water.
改错
- I enjoy to read books before sleeping.
- She wants go to Beijing.
- He stopped to play when his mother called him.
- Please remember bringing your umbrella.
- They practiced to speak English every day.
翻译(用非谓语动词)
- 我弟弟喜欢画画。
- 老师让我们安静。
- 记得明天早起。
- 我决定不去了。
- 游泳很有趣。
参考答案
- playing(enjoy doing)
- to buy(want to do)
- to bring(remember to do未做)
- doing(finish doing)
- to have(stop to do→停下来去休息)
- dancing(be good at doing)
- to go(decide to do)
- to have(would like to do)
- trying(keep doing)
- swimming(be afraid of doing)
- to read → reading
- want go → want to go
- stopped to play → stopped playing(妈妈叫他,他应该”停止玩耍”)
- bringing → to bring(记得要去带伞)
- to speak → speaking(practice doing)
- My brother enjoys drawing. / My brother likes to draw/drawing.
- The teacher told us to be quiet.
- Remember to get up early tomorrow.
- I decided not to go.
- Swimming is fun.
九、学习路线
| 年级 | 重点 | 要求 |
|---|---|---|
| 四年级 | 认识to do和doing的基本形式 | 能识别即可 |
| 五年级 | 掌握enjoy doing / want to do等基础搭配 | 选择题会做 |
| 六年级 | 掌握stop/remember/forget的区别、非谓语作主语 | 综合运用 |
| 小升初 | 所有非谓语考点融会贯通 | 能正确运用+改错 |
非谓语动词是小学语法到初中语法的关键衔接点。在天津小升初英语考试中,非谓语动词相关的选择题、改错题、完成句子题占据了相当的比例。系统掌握to do和doing的用法,孩子到了初中会轻松很多。
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