天津小学生英语宾语从句入门-that-if-whether-wh-词用法详解

宾语从句是小学高年级英语中的重要语法点,也是小升初考试的高频考点。本文系统讲解that引导的陈述句宾语从句、if/whether引导的一般疑问句宾语从句,以及wh-词引导的特殊疑问句宾语从句。

什么是宾语从句?一句话讲清楚

在之前学过的简单句中,一个句子只有一个主谓结构。比如:I know him.(我认识他。)——I是主语,know是谓语,him是宾语。

宾语从句就是把”him”这个单词宾语换成一个完整的句子

I know him. → I know that he is a good student. (我认识他。) → (我知道他是一名好学生。)

胡老师说:“宾语从句的本质就是’一句话做另一句话的宾语’。听起来复杂,写出来很有规律。”

在天津各区的五年级和六年级考试中,宾语从句常出现在句型转换、选择填空和阅读理解中。掌握它,对小升初衔接也特别重要。

宾语从句三大类

宾语从句根据引导词不同可分为三大类:

类型引导词例句
陈述句类thatI think that he is right.
一般疑问句类if / whetherI don’t know if he will come.
特殊疑问句类what / who / where / when / why / howDo you know where he lives?

一、that引导的宾语从句(最基础,最简单)

当宾语从句是一个陈述句时,用that连接。

I believe that + 陈述句 He says that + 陈述句 She thinks that + 陈述句

实例

He says that he likes reading books.(他说他喜欢读书。) I think that you are right.(我认为你是对的。) She believes that practice makes perfect.(她相信熟能生巧。)

that可以省略吗?

在非正式场合和口语中,that通常可以省略:

I think (that) you are right. She said (that) she would come.

但在正式书面语和考试中,建议保留that,尤其是从句比较复杂的时候。

注意主句和从句的时态

这是宾语从句最重要的考点!

主句时态从句时态举例
现在时根据实际情况用任何时态He says that he likes English.
He says that he will study harder.
He says that he has finished.
过去时用相应的过去时态He said that he liked English.
He said that he would study harder.
He said that he had finished.
客观真理永远用一般现在时The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.

客观真理原则是小学考试中最容易出错的——即使主句是过去时,客观真理也必须用一般现在时!

二、if/whether引导的宾语从句

当宾语从句是一个”一般疑问句”(可以用yes/no回答的问题)时,用if或whether连接。

I’m not sure if + 一般疑问句 Do you know whether + 一般疑问句

实例

I wonder if he is at home.(我想知道他是否在家。) — 原问句:Is he at home?

Please tell me whether you like it.(请告诉我你是否喜欢它。) — 原问句:Do you like it?

if和whether的区别

在小学阶段,一般情况下if和whether可以互换。但有几个考点需要注意:

只能用whether的三种情况

  1. 后面跟or not

    I don’t know whether he will come or not.(√) I don’t know if he will come or not.(也正确,但whether更正式) I don’t know whether or not he will come.(√) I don’t know if or not he will come.(×)

  2. 放在不定式前

    She hasn’t decided whether to go.(√) She hasn’t decided if to go.(×)

  3. 放在介词后

    It depends on whether he agrees.(√) It depends on if he agrees.(×)

小学考试小技巧:不确定用if还是whether时,优先用whether——它更”通用”,适用面更广。

一般疑问句→宾语从句的语序变化

这是孩子最容易出错的地方!

原问句:Is he a student? 宾语从句:I don’t know if he is a student.(→ 语序变成了陈述句语序!)

胡老师的”法宝”:把问句变成陈述句语序再套进从句。

三步骤:

  1. 去掉问号,把句子变平
  2. 把be动词/助动词/情态动词放回主语后面
  3. 加上if/whether连接

举例

原问句:Does she like music? 步骤1:去掉问号→does she like music 步骤2:变陈述语序→she likes music 步骤3:加上if→I want to know if she likes music.

原问句:Can you help me? 步骤1:Can you help me 步骤2:you can help me 步骤3:→I wonder whether you can help me.

三、wh-词引导的宾语从句(最丰富)

当宾语从句包含”who, what, when, where, why, how”等疑问词时,用这些疑问词直接连接。

常用wh-词

引导词含义举例
what什么Do you know what he is doing?
whoI don’t know who she is.
whom谁(作宾语)Tell me whom you met.
which哪一个He asked which one I liked.
where在哪里I wonder where she lives.
when什么时候Please tell me when the movie starts.
why为什么I don’t understand why he is sad.
how怎样Can you show me how it works?
how many多少(可数)Do you know how many students there are?
how much多少(不可数/价格)I want to know how much it costs.

和if/whether一样,wh-词后面也用陈述语序

原问句:Where does he live? 宾语从句:I don’t know where he lives.(不是where does he live)

原问句:What is your name? 宾语从句:Can you tell me what your name is?(不是what is your name)

这是整个宾语从句最重要的考点,没有之一!

四、宾语从句的”三大原则”

胡老师用”三大原则”总结宾语从句:

原则一:引导词

陈述句→that;一般疑问句→if/whether;特殊疑问句→wh-词

原则二:语序

所有从句都用陈述句语序(主语在谓语前面)

原则三:时态

主句现在时→从句任意时态 主句过去时→从句相应过去时 客观真理→永远一般现在时

五、天津考试常见题型

选择题

I don’t know _____ he will come or not. A. if B. whether C. that D. what

答案:B——后面有or not,用whether更合适。

句型转换

“Where do you live?” he asked me.(改为含宾语从句的复合句) → He asked me where I lived.

注意:因为主句是过去时,从句lives要变成lived。

改错题

I don’t know what does he want.

错误:what后面不该用疑问语序”does he want” 改正:I don’t know what he wants.

六、亲子练习

  1. She said (that) _____(她喜欢唱歌)
  2. I wonder _____(你是否喜欢这本书)
  3. Can you tell me _____(他住在哪里)?
  4. Do you know _____(会议什么时候开始)?
  5. He asked me _____(我为什么迟到了)

参考答案

  1. she liked singing(主句过去时,从句用过去时)
  2. if/whether you like this book(一般疑问句用if/whether)
  3. where he lives(wh-词+陈述语序)
  4. when the meeting starts(wh-词+陈述语序)
  5. why I was late(主句过去时,从句用过去时)

总结

宾语从句是连接”小学英语”和”初中英语”的一座重要桥梁。小学阶段打好宾语从句的基础,到了初中学习更复杂的复合句时就会轻松很多。

核心记忆

  1. 陈述句→that,一般疑问→if/whether,特殊疑问→wh-词
  2. 所有从句都用陈述句语序
  3. 注意主从句时态一致

宇嘉教育建议:不要让孩子孤立地背规则,而是通过大量例句来建立语感。每天做2-3个”合并句子”或”句型转换”练习,坚持两周,宾语从句自然就掌握了。