天津小学生英语宾语从句入门-that-if-whether-wh-词用法详解
宾语从句是小学高年级英语中的重要语法点,也是小升初考试的高频考点。本文系统讲解that引导的陈述句宾语从句、if/whether引导的一般疑问句宾语从句,以及wh-词引导的特殊疑问句宾语从句。
什么是宾语从句?一句话讲清楚
在之前学过的简单句中,一个句子只有一个主谓结构。比如:I know him.(我认识他。)——I是主语,know是谓语,him是宾语。
宾语从句就是把”him”这个单词宾语换成一个完整的句子:
I know him. → I know that he is a good student. (我认识他。) → (我知道他是一名好学生。)
胡老师说:“宾语从句的本质就是’一句话做另一句话的宾语’。听起来复杂,写出来很有规律。”
在天津各区的五年级和六年级考试中,宾语从句常出现在句型转换、选择填空和阅读理解中。掌握它,对小升初衔接也特别重要。
宾语从句三大类
宾语从句根据引导词不同可分为三大类:
| 类型 | 引导词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 陈述句类 | that | I think that he is right. |
| 一般疑问句类 | if / whether | I don’t know if he will come. |
| 特殊疑问句类 | what / who / where / when / why / how | Do you know where he lives? |
一、that引导的宾语从句(最基础,最简单)
当宾语从句是一个陈述句时,用that连接。
I believe that + 陈述句 He says that + 陈述句 She thinks that + 陈述句
实例:
He says that he likes reading books.(他说他喜欢读书。) I think that you are right.(我认为你是对的。) She believes that practice makes perfect.(她相信熟能生巧。)
that可以省略吗?
在非正式场合和口语中,that通常可以省略:
I think (that) you are right. She said (that) she would come.
但在正式书面语和考试中,建议保留that,尤其是从句比较复杂的时候。
注意主句和从句的时态
这是宾语从句最重要的考点!
| 主句时态 | 从句时态 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在时 | 根据实际情况用任何时态 | He says that he likes English. |
| He says that he will study harder. | ||
| He says that he has finished. | ||
| 过去时 | 用相应的过去时态 | He said that he liked English. |
| He said that he would study harder. | ||
| He said that he had finished. | ||
| 客观真理 | 永远用一般现在时 | The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun. |
客观真理原则是小学考试中最容易出错的——即使主句是过去时,客观真理也必须用一般现在时!
二、if/whether引导的宾语从句
当宾语从句是一个”一般疑问句”(可以用yes/no回答的问题)时,用if或whether连接。
I’m not sure if + 一般疑问句 Do you know whether + 一般疑问句
实例:
I wonder if he is at home.(我想知道他是否在家。) — 原问句:Is he at home?
Please tell me whether you like it.(请告诉我你是否喜欢它。) — 原问句:Do you like it?
if和whether的区别
在小学阶段,一般情况下if和whether可以互换。但有几个考点需要注意:
只能用whether的三种情况:
-
后面跟or not
I don’t know whether he will come or not.(√) I don’t know if he will come or not.(也正确,但whether更正式) I don’t know whether or not he will come.(√) I don’t know if or not he will come.(×)
-
放在不定式前
She hasn’t decided whether to go.(√) She hasn’t decided if to go.(×)
-
放在介词后
It depends on whether he agrees.(√) It depends on if he agrees.(×)
小学考试小技巧:不确定用if还是whether时,优先用whether——它更”通用”,适用面更广。
一般疑问句→宾语从句的语序变化
这是孩子最容易出错的地方!
原问句:Is he a student? 宾语从句:I don’t know if he is a student.(→ 语序变成了陈述句语序!)
胡老师的”法宝”:把问句变成陈述句语序再套进从句。
三步骤:
- 去掉问号,把句子变平
- 把be动词/助动词/情态动词放回主语后面
- 加上if/whether连接
举例:
原问句:Does she like music? 步骤1:去掉问号→does she like music 步骤2:变陈述语序→she likes music 步骤3:加上if→I want to know if she likes music.
原问句:Can you help me? 步骤1:Can you help me 步骤2:you can help me 步骤3:→I wonder whether you can help me.
三、wh-词引导的宾语从句(最丰富)
当宾语从句包含”who, what, when, where, why, how”等疑问词时,用这些疑问词直接连接。
常用wh-词
| 引导词 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| what | 什么 | Do you know what he is doing? |
| who | 谁 | I don’t know who she is. |
| whom | 谁(作宾语) | Tell me whom you met. |
| which | 哪一个 | He asked which one I liked. |
| where | 在哪里 | I wonder where she lives. |
| when | 什么时候 | Please tell me when the movie starts. |
| why | 为什么 | I don’t understand why he is sad. |
| how | 怎样 | Can you show me how it works? |
| how many | 多少(可数) | Do you know how many students there are? |
| how much | 多少(不可数/价格) | I want to know how much it costs. |
和if/whether一样,wh-词后面也用陈述语序
原问句:Where does he live? 宾语从句:I don’t know where he lives.(不是where does he live)
原问句:What is your name? 宾语从句:Can you tell me what your name is?(不是what is your name)
这是整个宾语从句最重要的考点,没有之一!
四、宾语从句的”三大原则”
胡老师用”三大原则”总结宾语从句:
原则一:引导词
陈述句→that;一般疑问句→if/whether;特殊疑问句→wh-词
原则二:语序
所有从句都用陈述句语序(主语在谓语前面)
原则三:时态
主句现在时→从句任意时态 主句过去时→从句相应过去时 客观真理→永远一般现在时
五、天津考试常见题型
选择题
I don’t know _____ he will come or not. A. if B. whether C. that D. what
答案:B——后面有or not,用whether更合适。
句型转换
“Where do you live?” he asked me.(改为含宾语从句的复合句) → He asked me where I lived.
注意:因为主句是过去时,从句lives要变成lived。
改错题
I don’t know what does he want.
错误:what后面不该用疑问语序”does he want” 改正:I don’t know what he wants.
六、亲子练习
- She said (that) _____(她喜欢唱歌)
- I wonder _____(你是否喜欢这本书)
- Can you tell me _____(他住在哪里)?
- Do you know _____(会议什么时候开始)?
- He asked me _____(我为什么迟到了)
参考答案:
- she liked singing(主句过去时,从句用过去时)
- if/whether you like this book(一般疑问句用if/whether)
- where he lives(wh-词+陈述语序)
- when the meeting starts(wh-词+陈述语序)
- why I was late(主句过去时,从句用过去时)
总结
宾语从句是连接”小学英语”和”初中英语”的一座重要桥梁。小学阶段打好宾语从句的基础,到了初中学习更复杂的复合句时就会轻松很多。
核心记忆:
- 陈述句→that,一般疑问→if/whether,特殊疑问→wh-词
- 所有从句都用陈述句语序
- 注意主从句时态一致
宇嘉教育建议:不要让孩子孤立地背规则,而是通过大量例句来建立语感。每天做2-3个”合并句子”或”句型转换”练习,坚持两周,宾语从句自然就掌握了。