天津小学生英语语法——被动语态系统讲解
被动语态是小学高年级和初中英语的重点语法。本文从被动语态的定义、构成、用法入手，用简单易懂的方式讲解一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态，配合大量例句和练习题，帮孩子轻松跨越这个语法难关。
天津小学生英语语法——被动语态系统讲解
被动语态——从”谁做”到”被做”
在之前的英语学习中，孩子学的大多是主动语态——主语是动作的执行者。
主动：The cat ate the fish.（猫吃了鱼）→ 猫是”吃”这个动作的执行者
而被动语态中，主语变成了动作的承受者：
被动：The fish was eaten by the cat.（鱼被猫吃了）→ 鱼是”被吃”的对象
胡老师说：主动语态是”谁做了什么”，被动语态是”什么被谁做了”。两个视角看同一件事，这是理解被动语态的关键。在天津小升初英语考试中，被动语态几乎每年必考。
什么时候用被动语态？
在小学阶段，被动语态的使用场景主要有三种：
场景1：不知道动作是谁做的
- My bike was stolen.（我的自行车被偷了。）→ 不知道谁偷的
- The window was broken.（窗户被打破了。）→ 不知道谁打破的
场景2：动作的承受者更重要
- The Great Wall is visited by many tourists.（长城被很多游客参观。）→ 长城比游客更重要
- Rice is grown in the south.（水稻在南方种植。）→ 水稻比种的人重要
场景3：说话人不想或不需要说出谁做的
- The homework must be finished today.（作业今天必须完成。）→ 不需要说谁要求完成
- English is spoken all over the world.（全世界都说英语。）→ 强调英语，不是谁在说
被动语态的构成公式
被动语态的构成可以概括为一个核心公式：
be + 过去分词（done）
注意：这里的be动词要根据时态和主语来变化。
一般现在时的被动语态
am/is/are + 过去分词
- The book is written by a famous writer.
- These desks are made of wood.
- I am called Lily.
一般过去时的被动语态
was/were + 过去分词
- The cake was eaten by my brother.
- The letters were sent yesterday.
- The story was told by my grandma.
主动变被动的三步法
在宇嘉教育的课堂上，我们教孩子们用”三步法”把主动语态句子变成被动语态：
第一步：找到”三要素”
在一个主动句中，找到：
- 主语（动作的执行者）
- 谓语（动作）
- 宾语（动作的承受者）
主动句：The cat ate the fish.
- 执行者：The cat（猫）
- 动作：ate（吃了）
- 承受者：the fish（鱼）
第二步：做”交换”
把宾语变成主语，把主语放到后面用by连接。
变为：The fish + was eaten + by the cat.
第三步：整理时态
原来的动作是过去时（ate），所以be动词用过去时。主语the fish是单数，所以用was。
被动句：The fish was eaten by the cat.
更多例子
主动：My mother cleans the room every day. 被动：The room is cleaned (by my mother) every day.
分析：
- 宾语→主语：the room
- 时态：一般现在时（cleans→is cleaned）
- 过去分词：cleaned
- by可以省略
主动：The students planted many trees last year. 被动：Many trees were planted (by the students) last year.
分析：
- 宾语→主语：Many trees
- 时态：一般过去时（planted→were planted）
- 过去分词：planted
动词过去分词的变化规则
过去分词的变化和过去式一样，分为规则变化和不规则变化。
规则变化（和过去式相同）
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| clean | cleaned | cleaned |
| play | played | played |
| visit | visited | visited |
| watch | watched | watched |
小学阶段常见不规则过去分词
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| do | did | done |
| write | wrote | written |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| take | took | taken |
| give | gave | given |
| make | made | made |
| find | found | found |
| buy | bought | bought |
| tell | told | told |
| break | broke | broken |
孩子最容易错的地方：把过去式当作过去分词用
- ❌ The cup was broke.（应该用broken，但写成了broke）
- ✅ The cup was broken.
常见错误与纠正
错误1：忘记be动词
❌ The book written by Tom. ✅ The book is written by Tom.
纠正：被动语态必须有be动词+过去分词，两个部分缺一不可。
错误2：be动词的时态和主语不一致
❌ The books was written by Tom. ✅ The books were written by Tom.
纠正：be动词要和主语在”数”和”时态”上保持一致。
错误3：by后面的代词形式不对
❌ The gift was given by I. ✅ The gift was given by me.
纠正：by后面跟的是”宾语”，所以要用宾格（me, him, her, us, them）。
错误4：误以为所有动词都有被动语态
⚠️ 以下动词一般不用被动语态：happen（发生）、take place（发生）、belong（属于）、seem（似乎）
- ❌ The accident was happened yesterday.
- ✅ The accident happened yesterday.
练习题
练习1：选择正确的形式
- The classroom ______ every day.（cleans / is cleaned）
- The letter ______ yesterday.（sent / was sent）
- This book ______ by my teacher.（writes / is written）
- The toys ______ in the box.（are kept / kept）
- The house ______ last year.（built / was built）
练习2：把下列句子变成被动语态
- Tom cleans the room.
- My father bought a car.
- The students read the books.
- The children ate all the cookies.
- The teacher told a story.
练习3：改错
找出句子中的错误并改正。
- The window was broke by the boy.
- The food is eat by the dog.
- The book were read by the students.
- The gift was given by she.
- The homework must finished today.
记忆口诀
宇嘉教育的老师们编写的被动语态记忆口诀：
被动语态不要慌，be加过去分词来帮。 be随时态和主语变，过去分词记心中。 主动被动三步换，宾语变主主变宾。 by加上执行者，放在句末便完整。
被动语态对小学生来说确实是一个难点，但它也是从小学到初中英语学习的重要桥梁。理解了被动语态的核心逻辑——谁做变被做——后续学习再复杂的时态被动形式（完成时被动、进行时被动、将来时被动）都会轻松很多。
在宇嘉教育的课程中，被动语态从五年级开始初步接触，到六年级掌握一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态。如需更多练习材料，欢迎关注宇嘉教育公众号获取专项练习资料。