天津小学生英语被动语态——从主动句到被动句转换全攻略
被动语态是小学高年级英语的重点难点。本文从主动句和被动句的区别讲起,覆盖一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时三种时态的被动语态,含天津各区真题。
“我吃了一个苹果”——主动句。 “一个苹果被我吃了”——被动句。
这两种说法在中文里都很常见。在英语中,被动语态(Passive Voice)同样是重要的表达方式,尤其在书面语和正式场合中使用频繁。
在天津小学五六年级的英语教材中,被动语态开始正式出现。人教精通版六年级上册就有专门介绍被动语态的单元。而且在小升初考试和重点中学的分班考试中,被动语态几乎是必考语法点。
宇嘉教育胡老师(edu_yujia)发现,很多孩子在主动句和被动句的转换上遇到困难。今天这篇文章就来系统解决这个问题。
一、被动语态的核心结构
被动语态基本公式
be动词 + 过去分词
就这么简单!其中:
- be动词 要根据时态和人称变化
- 过去分词 表示”被……”的意思
三种时态的被动语态对比
| 时态 | 主动句结构 | 被动句结构 | 示例(被动) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | do/does | am/is/are + done | The book is read by Tom. |
| 一般过去时 | did | was/were + done | The book was read by Tom. |
| 一般将来时 | will do | will be + done | The book will be read by Tom. |
主动句变被动句的3个步骤
Step 1: 把主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语 Step 2: 把主动句的动词变成”be + 过去分词”(be动词时态要和原句一致) Step 3: 把主动句的主语放到句末,前面加”by”
| 步骤 | 主动句 | 被动句 |
|---|---|---|
| 原句 | The cat ate the fish. | — |
| Step 1 | — | The fish |
| Step 2 | — | was eaten |
| Step 3 | — | by the cat |
| 完成 | The cat ate the fish. | The fish was eaten by the cat. |
二、三种时态的被动语态详解
1. 一般现在时的被动语态
结构: am/is/are + 过去分词
| 主动句 | 被动句 |
|---|---|
| My mother cleans the room. | The room is cleaned by my mother. |
| The students read books. | Books are read by the students. |
| She feeds the dog. | The dog is fed by her. |
选择is还是are? 看被动句的主语:
- 单数/不可数 → is
- 复数 → are
- I → am
2. 一般过去时的被动语态
结构: was/were + 过去分词
| 主动句 | 被动句 |
|---|---|
| Tom wrote the letter. | The letter was written by Tom. |
| They built the house. | The house was built by them. |
| She made the cake. | The cake was made by her. |
选择was还是were?
- 单数 → was
- 复数 → were
3. 一般将来时的被动语态
结构: will be + 过去分词
| 主动句 | 被动句 |
|---|---|
| We will hold a party. | A party will be held by us. |
| The teacher will mark the papers. | The papers will be marked by the teacher. |
| They will finish the project. | The project will be finished by them. |
这个时态最简单——will be 不随主语变化。
三、特殊情况处理
情况1:带有情态动词
公式: 情态动词 + be + 过去分词
| 主动句 | 被动句 |
|---|---|
| You must finish your homework. | Your homework must be finished. |
| She can solve this problem. | This problem can be solved by her. |
| We should protect the environment. | The environment should be protected. |
情况2:双宾语句子(给某人某物)
主动句:主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语(人)+ 直接宾语(物)
两种转换方式:
- 方式一:直接宾语变主语
- 方式二:间接宾语变主语
示例: She gave me a book.
- 方式一:A book was given to me (by her).
- 方式二:I was given a book (by her).
情况3:by sb可以省略的情况
当施动者不重要或不知道时,可以省略”by sb”。
- My bike was stolen.(被谁偷了?不知道,省略by someone)
- English is spoken in many countries.(谁说的不重要)
- The window was broken.(窗被打破了,不强调谁打破的)
四、天津考试真题解析
真题1:选择填空(2025年和平区六年级期末)
- The classroom ___ (clean) by the students every day.
- A. cleans B. is cleaned C. cleaned
- 答案: B
- 解析: every day提示一般现在时,“教室被学生打扫”要被动,用is cleaned。
真题2:改写句子(2024年河西区小升初模拟)
- 主动变被动:The boy broke the window.
- 答案: The window was broken by the boy.
- 解析: 一般过去时,broke的过去分词是broken,be用was(主语window是单数)。
真题3:选择填空(2025年南开区六年级期末)
- This book ___ (write) by a famous writer in 1990.
- A. is written B. was written C. wrote
- 答案: B
- 解析: in 1990提示过去时,“书被写”要被动,用was written。
真题4:完成句子(2024年天津市重点中学分班考试)
- 这座桥建于1850年。
- This bridge ___ ___ in 1850.
- 答案: was built
五、在家练习方法
方法1:“主动变被动”三步法
每天做3-5句主动变被动的练习。让孩子自己说出三个步骤:
示例练习:
- My father drives the car. → The car is driven by my father.
- The children ate the cookies. → The cookies were eaten by the children.
- The class will choose a leader. → A leader will be chosen by the class.
方法2:时态判断练习
给出句子,让孩子先判断时态,再写出被动句:
| 原句 | 时态 | 被动句 |
|---|---|---|
| John waters the plants. | 一般现在时 | The plants are watered by John. |
| John watered the plants. | 一般过去时 | The plants were watered by John. |
| John will water the plants. | 一般将来时 | The plants will be watered by John. |
方法3:日常生活中找被动
和孩子一起在生活场景中找被动语态的表达:
- “This bread is made in France.”
- “The door is locked every night.”
- “English is used all over the world.”
六、胡老师的3点建议
-
熟练掌握过去分词是基础。 不规则动词的过去分词(write→written, build→built, eat→eaten等)需要先背熟。建议用分类记忆法,把不规则动词按规律分组。
-
从”by省略句”开始练。 不要一上来就做主动变被动的复杂转换。先让孩子接触”English is spoken here""The door is locked”这样省略了by的句子,建立被动语态的语感。
-
不要和中文弄混。 中文的”被”字有时可以省略(“作业写完了”其实隐含被动),但英语里被动语态必须用”be + 过去分词”结构。这一点要特别提醒孩子注意。
掌握了被动语态,孩子的写作和阅读能力会上一个新台阶。宇嘉教育胡老师(edu_yujia)建议六年级的孩子在进入初中前系统地学完被动语态,这能为初中英语学习打下非常扎实的基础。