天津小学生英语被动语态入门-从主动句到被动句的转换技巧

面向小学生的被动语态入门讲解,涵盖基本概念、时态变化、主动被动的转换步骤,结合天津各区小升初真题,帮助孩子轻松跨越这个初中预备级语法点。

一、主动还是被动?——一个生活场景帮孩子理解

“小明把小强打哭了。“——这是主动(小明是执行动作的人)

“小强被小明打哭了。“——这是被动(小强是承受动作的人)

在英语中,我们同样分两种情况:

胡老师说:给天津孩子讲被动语态,最简单的办法问两个问题——“动作是谁做的?“和”谁承受了这个动作?“。知道谁做的用主动,不知道或不关心谁做的,用被动。

比如:

二、被动语态的核心公式

被动语态的核心公式:be + 过去分词(done)

就像搭积木一样,孩子只需要记住两个东西:

  1. be动词——根据时态和主语变化(am/is/are/was/were…)
  2. 过去分词(done)——表示”被做了”

不同时态下的被动公式

时态主动语态被动语态公式例子
一般现在时do/doesam/is/are + doneThe book is read.
一般过去时didwas/were + doneThe book was read.
一般将来时will dowill be + doneThe book will be read.
现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are being + doneThe book is being read.
现在完成时have/has donehave/has been + doneThe book has been read.

小学阶段,最常考的是前三个时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时),进行时和完成时的被动语态到初中才重点学。

三、主动变被动的”三步法”

教孩子一个万能三步法,任何主动句都能变成被动句:

原句:Tom cleaned the room.(汤姆打扫了房间。)

第一步:交换位置 主动句的宾语(the room)移到句首做新主语 主动句的主语(Tom)移到by后面做新宾语

The room ______ by Tom.

第二步:调整谓语 确定原句的时态(一般过去时→cleaned) → 变成被动语态:was + cleaned(过去分词)

The room was cleaned by Tom.

第三步:检查 主语单复数:the room是单数→用was ✅ 时态一致:原句clean的过去式cleaned→过去分词也是cleaned ✅

完整句子:The room was cleaned by Tom.

更多练习:

句子1:My mother makes breakfast every day.

第一步:breakfast移到前面,my mother放到by后面 第二步:一般现在时→is/are made;breakfast是单数→is made 第三步:Breakfast is made by my mother every day.

句子2:The children will finish the project next week.

第一步:the project移到前面,the children放到by后面 第二步:一般将来时→will be finished 第三步:The project will be finished by the children next week.

句子3:The teacher praised Tom.

第一步:Tom移到前面,the teacher放到by后面 第二步:一般过去时→was/were praised;Tom是单数→was praised 第三步:Tom was praised by the teacher.

特别提醒:第三步”检查主语单复数”这一步,天津孩子最容易出错!很多孩子写了”the room were cleaned”——因为忘记了room是单数要用was。

四、被动语态的”免死金牌”——by短语可省略

在真实的英语使用中,被动句不一定都需要by短语。当满足以下任一条件时,by短语可以省略:

情况1:不知道动作是谁做的

My bike was stolen last night.(我的自行车昨晚被偷了。——不知道谁偷的)

情况2:动作执行者不重要

Rice is grown in the south of China.(水稻在中国南方种植。——谁种的不重要)

情况3:大家都知道是谁做的

The criminal was arrested last night.(罪犯昨晚被逮捕了。——大家都知道是警察)

对天津小学生来说:考试中大部分被动语态题不要求by短语,但如果主语前出现了by,后面一定跟的是”动作执行者”。河北区五年级期末真题中就有这样一道区分题。

五、特殊变化——主动句的特殊情况

5.1 双宾语的被动语态

有些动词可以接两个宾语(间接受宾+直接宾语),比如give, show, send, tell, bring:

主动句:My dad gave me a gift.(我爸给了我一份礼物。)

两种被动方式

方式一:把间接宾语(人)变主语 → I was given a gift by my dad.

方式二:把直接宾语(物)变主语 → A gift was given to me by my dad.

小学阶段主要考方式二,但天津小升初模拟题中有时会考方式一的选择题。

5.2 感官动词的被动

感官动词在主动句中搭配动词原形或-ing,在被动句中要加to:

主动句:I saw him cross the street.(我看见他过了马路。) 被动句:He was seen to cross the street.

主动句:We heard her singing in the room.(我们听见她在房间里唱歌。) 被动句:She was heard singing in the room.

5.3 短语动词的被动

像look after, take care of, laugh at这样的动词短语,转被动时”不能把介词丢掉”:

主动句:My grandma looks after me.(奶奶照顾我。) 被动句:I am looked after by my grandma.

判断技巧:如果动词后紧跟介词/副词(in, on, at, up, off, after, for等),被动时一定要带上!

六、天津各区被动语态常考题型

题型一:选择题——选出正确的被动形式

真题1(和平区六年级期末):

The window ______ by Tom yesterday. A. breaks B. broke C. was broken D. is broken 解析:yesterday是过去时间,break与被break的关系是被动→was broken 答案:C

真题2(河西区六年级):

English ______ in many countries all over the world. A. speaks B. is spoken C. spoke D. is speaking 解析:英语”被”讲→被动;一般现在时,English视为单数→is spoken 答案:B

真题3(南开区小升初模拟):

The sports meeting ______ next Friday. A. was held B. is held C. will be held D. holds 解析:next Friday是将来时间,运动会”被”举行→一般将来时被动 答案:C

题型二:句型转换——主动改被动

真题4(红桥区五年级):

My mother waters the flowers every day.(改为被动句) → The flowers ______ ______ by my mother every day.

解题思路

  1. 找出时态:一般现在时(waters)
  2. 宾语the flowers变主语(复数)
  3. 谓语:被动→are watered
  4. 检查:The flowers are watered by my mother every day.

常见错误:写成”is watered”——忘记了flowers是复数。注意:be动词单复数一定要和新主语一致!

题型三:完成句子

真题5(河东区六年级):

那位老师被学生们喜爱。 The teacher ______ ______ by the students.

解题思路

  1. 检查时态:一般现在时(没有时间标志词时按一般现在时处理)
  2. teacher是单数→is
  3. “被喜爱”→被动→is loved
  4. 答案:is loved

题型四:改错题

真题6(河北区六年级):

The book was wrote by a famous writer. 解析:被动语态要用过去分词,wrote是过去式,过去分词是written 正确:The book was written by a famous writer.

整理小学常见的三类过去分词形式

动词原形过去式过去分词
writewrotewritten
breakbrokebroken
taketooktaken
eatateeaten
givegavegiven
seesawseen
makemademade(规则)
cleancleanedcleaned(规则)

七、常见错误及其纠正

错误1:be动词被遗忘或位置错误

❌ 错误:The book cleaned(❌) ✅ 正确:The book was cleaned.

纠正:只要有”被……”,就必须有be动词!记住”被动语态三件套”:一定要用be + 过去分词,缺一不可。

错误2:过去分词写成过去式

❌ 错误:The window was broke. ✅ 正确:The window was broken.

纠正:被动语态用的是过去分词(past participle),不是过去式(past tense)!天津家长可以帮孩子整理一张”不规则动词表”,特别是break→broke→broken, take→took→taken这类。

错误3:时态混淆

❌ 错误:The cake is eaten yesterday. ✅ 正确:The cake was eaten yesterday.

纠正:昨天发生的事情用过去时,被动语态就要用was/were + 过去分词。be动词的时态要和时间状语一致。

错误4:主语单复数不一致

❌ 错误:The apples was eaten by the boy. ✅ 正确:The apples were eaten by the boy.

纠正:把被动句的新主语圈起来,问自己:“这个词是单数还是复数?“然后选be动词。

八、趣味练习法

方法1:动作”猜猜看”游戏

家长做出动作,让孩子用被动语态描述:

家长动作:拿起一支笔,然后放在桌上。 孩子描述:The pen was taken by you.(那支笔被你拿起了。)

家长动作:假装切水果。 孩子描述:The fruit is being cut.(水果正在被切。)

方法2:照片/图片描述法

翻看家庭照片或杂志图片,让孩子用被动语态描述:

The photo was taken in 2024.(这张照片是2024年拍的。) The cake was made by grandma.(这个蛋糕是奶奶做的。) The building was built last year.(这座楼是去年建的。)

方法3:新闻播报法

鼓励孩子用被动语态”播报”一天中发生的事:

“Mom, today our classroom was cleaned by Lily and me.” “The homework was checked by the teacher.” “The football match was won by our class!”

九、综合训练题

一、用所给词的适当形式填空

  1. The room ______ (clean) by my sister every day.
  2. The letter ______ (write) by Tom yesterday.
  3. Rice ______ (eat) in many countries.
  4. The new library ______ (build) next year.
  5. The children ______ (take) to the park by their teacher last Sunday.

二、主动句改被动句

  1. My father painted the house white. → _______________________________________
  2. People speak English in many countries. → _______________________________________
  3. The students will finish the report next week. → _______________________________________

三、判断正误并改错

  1. The homework was did by Mike.
  2. English are spoken in the USA.
  3. The cake was eaten by the dog.
  4. The flowers were water by the gardener.

参考答案

  1. is cleaned(every day→一般现在时被动)
  2. was written(yesterday→一般过去时被动,write→written)
  3. is eaten(一般事实→一般现在时被动)
  4. will be built(next year→一般将来时被动)
  5. were taken(last Sunday→一般过去时被动,take→taken)
  6. The house was painted white by my father.
  7. English is spoken in many countries.(单数主谓一致!)
  8. The report will be finished by the students next week.
  9. ❌ did→done(was done by Mike)
  10. ❌ are→is(English是单数,用is spoken)
  11. ✅ 正确(was eaten by the dog)
  12. ❌ water→watered(被动语态要用过去分词)

十、给家长的辅导建议

被动语态在小学阶段属于”接轨类”语法知识——它不是小学的重点,但却是小升初考试中的区分题,也是初中英语的必修课。

建议学习时间线

胡老师总结:不要求天津五六年级的孩子完全掌握被动语态——那是初中老师的事。但能够做到”看到被动语态的句子理解意思,遇到选择题能选出正确的被动形式”,就足够了。

掌握了被动语态,孩子的英语就进入了一个全新的层次——从”谁做了什么”升级到”什么被谁做了”,思维方式也变得更加丰富。


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