天津小学生英语被动语态入门-从主动句到被动句的转换技巧
面向小学生的被动语态入门讲解,涵盖基本概念、时态变化、主动被动的转换步骤,结合天津各区小升初真题,帮助孩子轻松跨越这个初中预备级语法点。
一、主动还是被动?——一个生活场景帮孩子理解
“小明把小强打哭了。“——这是主动(小明是执行动作的人)
“小强被小明打哭了。“——这是被动(小强是承受动作的人)
在英语中,我们同样分两种情况:
- 强调”谁做了这件事”→ 用主动语态
- 强调”这件事被做了”→ 用被动语态
胡老师说:给天津孩子讲被动语态,最简单的办法问两个问题——“动作是谁做的?“和”谁承受了这个动作?“。知道谁做的用主动,不知道或不关心谁做的,用被动。
比如:
- The cat ate the fish.(猫吃了鱼。)——重点在”猫”
- The fish was eaten by the cat.(鱼被猫吃了。)——重点在”鱼”
二、被动语态的核心公式
被动语态的核心公式:be + 过去分词(done)
就像搭积木一样,孩子只需要记住两个东西:
- be动词——根据时态和主语变化(am/is/are/was/were…)
- 过去分词(done)——表示”被做了”
不同时态下的被动公式
| 时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态公式 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | do/does | am/is/are + done | The book is read. |
| 一般过去时 | did | was/were + done | The book was read. |
| 一般将来时 | will do | will be + done | The book will be read. |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are doing | am/is/are being + done | The book is being read. |
| 现在完成时 | have/has done | have/has been + done | The book has been read. |
小学阶段,最常考的是前三个时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时),进行时和完成时的被动语态到初中才重点学。
三、主动变被动的”三步法”
教孩子一个万能三步法,任何主动句都能变成被动句:
原句:Tom cleaned the room.(汤姆打扫了房间。)
第一步:交换位置 主动句的宾语(the room)移到句首做新主语 主动句的主语(Tom)移到by后面做新宾语
The room ______ by Tom.
第二步:调整谓语 确定原句的时态(一般过去时→cleaned) → 变成被动语态:was + cleaned(过去分词)
The room was cleaned by Tom.
第三步:检查 主语单复数:the room是单数→用was ✅ 时态一致:原句clean的过去式cleaned→过去分词也是cleaned ✅
完整句子:The room was cleaned by Tom.
更多练习:
句子1:My mother makes breakfast every day.
第一步:breakfast移到前面,my mother放到by后面 第二步:一般现在时→is/are made;breakfast是单数→is made 第三步:Breakfast is made by my mother every day.
句子2:The children will finish the project next week.
第一步:the project移到前面,the children放到by后面 第二步:一般将来时→will be finished 第三步:The project will be finished by the children next week.
句子3:The teacher praised Tom.
第一步:Tom移到前面,the teacher放到by后面 第二步:一般过去时→was/were praised;Tom是单数→was praised 第三步:Tom was praised by the teacher.
特别提醒:第三步”检查主语单复数”这一步,天津孩子最容易出错!很多孩子写了”the room were cleaned”——因为忘记了room是单数要用was。
四、被动语态的”免死金牌”——by短语可省略
在真实的英语使用中,被动句不一定都需要by短语。当满足以下任一条件时,by短语可以省略:
情况1:不知道动作是谁做的
My bike was stolen last night.(我的自行车昨晚被偷了。——不知道谁偷的)
情况2:动作执行者不重要
Rice is grown in the south of China.(水稻在中国南方种植。——谁种的不重要)
情况3:大家都知道是谁做的
The criminal was arrested last night.(罪犯昨晚被逮捕了。——大家都知道是警察)
对天津小学生来说:考试中大部分被动语态题不要求by短语,但如果主语前出现了by,后面一定跟的是”动作执行者”。河北区五年级期末真题中就有这样一道区分题。
五、特殊变化——主动句的特殊情况
5.1 双宾语的被动语态
有些动词可以接两个宾语(间接受宾+直接宾语),比如give, show, send, tell, bring:
主动句:My dad gave me a gift.(我爸给了我一份礼物。)
- 间接宾语:me
- 直接宾语:a gift
两种被动方式:
方式一:把间接宾语(人)变主语 → I was given a gift by my dad.
方式二:把直接宾语(物)变主语 → A gift was given to me by my dad.
小学阶段主要考方式二,但天津小升初模拟题中有时会考方式一的选择题。
5.2 感官动词的被动
感官动词在主动句中搭配动词原形或-ing,在被动句中要加to:
主动句:I saw him cross the street.(我看见他过了马路。) 被动句:He was seen to cross the street.
主动句:We heard her singing in the room.(我们听见她在房间里唱歌。) 被动句:She was heard singing in the room.
5.3 短语动词的被动
像look after, take care of, laugh at这样的动词短语,转被动时”不能把介词丢掉”:
主动句:My grandma looks after me.(奶奶照顾我。) 被动句:I am looked after by my grandma.
判断技巧:如果动词后紧跟介词/副词(in, on, at, up, off, after, for等),被动时一定要带上!
六、天津各区被动语态常考题型
题型一:选择题——选出正确的被动形式
真题1(和平区六年级期末):
The window ______ by Tom yesterday. A. breaks B. broke C. was broken D. is broken 解析:yesterday是过去时间,break与被break的关系是被动→was broken 答案:C
真题2(河西区六年级):
English ______ in many countries all over the world. A. speaks B. is spoken C. spoke D. is speaking 解析:英语”被”讲→被动;一般现在时,English视为单数→is spoken 答案:B
真题3(南开区小升初模拟):
The sports meeting ______ next Friday. A. was held B. is held C. will be held D. holds 解析:next Friday是将来时间,运动会”被”举行→一般将来时被动 答案:C
题型二:句型转换——主动改被动
真题4(红桥区五年级):
My mother waters the flowers every day.(改为被动句) → The flowers ______ ______ by my mother every day.
解题思路:
- 找出时态:一般现在时(waters)
- 宾语the flowers变主语(复数)
- 谓语:被动→are watered
- 检查:The flowers are watered by my mother every day.
常见错误:写成”is watered”——忘记了flowers是复数。注意:be动词单复数一定要和新主语一致!
题型三:完成句子
真题5(河东区六年级):
那位老师被学生们喜爱。 The teacher ______ ______ by the students.
解题思路:
- 检查时态:一般现在时(没有时间标志词时按一般现在时处理)
- teacher是单数→is
- “被喜爱”→被动→is loved
- 答案:is loved
题型四:改错题
真题6(河北区六年级):
The book was wrote by a famous writer. 解析:被动语态要用过去分词,wrote是过去式,过去分词是written 正确:The book was written by a famous writer.
整理小学常见的三类过去分词形式:
| 动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| write | wrote | written |
| break | broke | broken |
| take | took | taken |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| give | gave | given |
| see | saw | seen |
| make | made | made(规则) |
| clean | cleaned | cleaned(规则) |
七、常见错误及其纠正
错误1:be动词被遗忘或位置错误
❌ 错误:The book cleaned(❌) ✅ 正确:The book was cleaned.
纠正:只要有”被……”,就必须有be动词!记住”被动语态三件套”:一定要用be + 过去分词,缺一不可。
错误2:过去分词写成过去式
❌ 错误:The window was broke. ✅ 正确:The window was broken.
纠正:被动语态用的是过去分词(past participle),不是过去式(past tense)!天津家长可以帮孩子整理一张”不规则动词表”,特别是break→broke→broken, take→took→taken这类。
错误3:时态混淆
❌ 错误:The cake is eaten yesterday. ✅ 正确:The cake was eaten yesterday.
纠正:昨天发生的事情用过去时,被动语态就要用was/were + 过去分词。be动词的时态要和时间状语一致。
错误4:主语单复数不一致
❌ 错误:The apples was eaten by the boy. ✅ 正确:The apples were eaten by the boy.
纠正:把被动句的新主语圈起来,问自己:“这个词是单数还是复数?“然后选be动词。
八、趣味练习法
方法1:动作”猜猜看”游戏
家长做出动作,让孩子用被动语态描述:
家长动作:拿起一支笔,然后放在桌上。 孩子描述:The pen was taken by you.(那支笔被你拿起了。)
家长动作:假装切水果。 孩子描述:The fruit is being cut.(水果正在被切。)
方法2:照片/图片描述法
翻看家庭照片或杂志图片,让孩子用被动语态描述:
The photo was taken in 2024.(这张照片是2024年拍的。) The cake was made by grandma.(这个蛋糕是奶奶做的。) The building was built last year.(这座楼是去年建的。)
方法3:新闻播报法
鼓励孩子用被动语态”播报”一天中发生的事:
“Mom, today our classroom was cleaned by Lily and me.” “The homework was checked by the teacher.” “The football match was won by our class!”
九、综合训练题
一、用所给词的适当形式填空
- The room ______ (clean) by my sister every day.
- The letter ______ (write) by Tom yesterday.
- Rice ______ (eat) in many countries.
- The new library ______ (build) next year.
- The children ______ (take) to the park by their teacher last Sunday.
二、主动句改被动句
- My father painted the house white. → _______________________________________
- People speak English in many countries. → _______________________________________
- The students will finish the report next week. → _______________________________________
三、判断正误并改错
- The homework was did by Mike.
- English are spoken in the USA.
- The cake was eaten by the dog.
- The flowers were water by the gardener.
参考答案
- is cleaned(every day→一般现在时被动)
- was written(yesterday→一般过去时被动,write→written)
- is eaten(一般事实→一般现在时被动)
- will be built(next year→一般将来时被动)
- were taken(last Sunday→一般过去时被动,take→taken)
- The house was painted white by my father.
- English is spoken in many countries.(单数主谓一致!)
- The report will be finished by the students next week.
- ❌ did→done(was done by Mike)
- ❌ are→is(English是单数,用is spoken)
- ✅ 正确(was eaten by the dog)
- ❌ water→watered(被动语态要用过去分词)
十、给家长的辅导建议
被动语态在小学阶段属于”接轨类”语法知识——它不是小学的重点,但却是小升初考试中的区分题,也是初中英语的必修课。
建议学习时间线:
- 六年级上学期:接触被动语态的基本概念(了解即可)
- 六年级下学期寒假:系统学习被动公式和主动句转换
- 小升初考前:专项训练+初中衔接
胡老师总结:不要求天津五六年级的孩子完全掌握被动语态——那是初中老师的事。但能够做到”看到被动语态的句子理解意思,遇到选择题能选出正确的被动形式”,就足够了。
掌握了被动语态,孩子的英语就进入了一个全新的层次——从”谁做了什么”升级到”什么被谁做了”,思维方式也变得更加丰富。
宇嘉教育专注天津小升初英语衔接。如需更多被动语态专项练习和小升初备考资料,欢迎关注我们的公众号,回复”被动语态”即可免费获取。