天津小学生英语被动语态入门——主动句变被动句轻松学
用最通俗的方式讲解英语被动语态的概念、结构和转换方法,包含时态变化、常见考点和天津考试真题,适合小学生入门
天津小学生英语被动语态入门——主动句变被动句轻松学
为什么要学被动语态?
“妈妈,这道题为什么用is watered而不是watered?”
五年级的小美在做英语练习时遇到了难题。题目是这样的:
The flowers ___ (water) by my mother every day.
小美填了”waters”,但正确答案是”are watered”。
这就是被动语态——一个让很多小学生头疼,但到了五、六年级又不得不面对的语法重点。
胡老师说:“被动语态在天津小学英语考试中,最早出现在五年级下学期的期中考试,六年级则成为必考语法点。虽然它看起来复杂,但只要找对了方法,理解起来并不难。”
今天我们就用最通俗的方式,帮助孩子彻底掌握被动语态!
一、什么是主动和被动?
用中文先理解
在学英语之前,先用中文帮孩子建立概念:
主动句 = 主语”做”动作
妈妈 打扫 了房间。 (妈妈是动作的执行者)
被动句 = 主语”被”做动作
房间 被 妈妈 打扫 了。 (房间是动作的承受者)
用英语对比
| 主动句 | 被动句 |
|---|---|
| My mom cleans the room. | The room is cleaned by my mom. |
| The boy ate the cake. | The cake was eaten by the boy. |
| My father built this house. | This house was built by my father. |
观察这两类句子,孩子会发现一个非常重要的区别:
主动句:关注的是”谁做了什么” 被动句:关注的是”什么被怎么样了”
一张图看懂主被动关系
主动句:猫 抓住了 老鼠
↓ ↓ ↓
主语 谓语动词 宾语
(动作发出者) (动作承受者)
被动句:老鼠 被抓住 被猫
↓ ↓ ↓
主语 be+过去分词 by+动作发出者
(动作承受者) (动作发出者)
二、被动语态的核心公式——“be + 过去分词”
一个公式走天下
被动语态 = be动词 + 动词的过去分词
注意:这个公式中的be动词会根据时态和主语变化!
不同时态的被动语态
一般现在时(be = am/is/are)
- The room is cleaned every day.
- These books are read by many students.
- I am called Xiao Ming.
一般过去时(be = was/were)
- The room was cleaned yesterday.
- These books were read last year.
一般将来时(be = will be)
- The room will be cleaned tomorrow.
- These books will be read next year.
含有情态动词(be = 情态动词 + be)
- The room must be cleaned.
- These books can be read by children.
过去分词的变化规则
规则变化(同过去式):
- clean → cleaned
- play → played
- study → studied
- stop → stopped
不规则变化(需要特别记忆):
- write → written
- eat → eaten
- take → taken
- see → seen
- give → given
- make → made
- buy → bought
- do → done
三、主动句变被动句——四步法
胡老师总结了四步转换法,步骤清晰,孩子更容易掌握。
四步法详解
原句:The cat caught the mouse.
第1步:把原句的宾语变成新句的主语
the mouse → The mouse
第2步:动词变成be + 过去分词
caught → was caught(原句是一般过去时,所以be动词用was)
第3步:原句的主语变成by + 主语
the cat → by the cat
第4步:其他部分保持不变
没有其他成分了
最终结果:
The mouse was caught by the cat.
更多四步法示例
示例1:
My mother waters the flowers every day.
- 宾语变成主语:The flowers
- 动词变be+过去分词:are watered(一般现在时,flowers是复数→are)
- 主语变by+主语:by my mother
- 其他不变:every day
✅ The flowers are watered by my mother every day.
示例2:
The children ate all the cakes.
- 宾语变成主语:All the cakes
- 动词变be+过去分词:were eaten(一般过去时,cakes是复数→were)
- 主语变by+主语:by the children
- 其他不变:无
✅ All the cakes were eaten by the children.
考试小技巧
天津考试中,被动语态的考点往往只需要孩子选择正确的be动词和过去分词形式,不需要完整的转换。常见题型是:
The book ___ (write) by a famous writer.
答案:is written / was written(根据上下文时态判断)
四、什么时候用主动?什么时候用被动?
用主动句的情况
- 动作执行者很重要:The doctor saved the patient.(强调是医生救的)
- 动作执行者是句子的重点:My brother broke the window.
- 日常口语中:I cleaned my room.(日常交流更自然)
用被动句的情况
- 不知道动作执行者是谁:My bike was stolen.(不知道谁偷的)
- 动作执行者不重要:The window was broken.(谁打碎的不重要)
- 动作承受者是关注焦点:The old man was taken to hospital.
- 表达更正式的观点:English is spoken all over the world.
- 不想说出动作执行者:The cake was eaten.(避免说是谁吃的)
天津考试常考例句
这件毛衣是手工做的。
The sweater is made by hand.
英语在世界各地被使用。
English is spoken all over the world.
这本书是一位著名的作家写的。
The book was written by a famous writer.
五、被动语态的否定句和疑问句
否定句
规则:在be动词后加not
| 肯定句 | 否定句 |
|---|---|
| It is done. | It is not done. |
| They were seen. | They were not seen. |
| He will be invited. | He will not be invited. |
示例:
- The homework is not finished yet.
- The car was not repaired.
- The letter will not be sent today.
一般疑问句
规则:把be动词提到句首
- Is the homework finished?
- Was the car repaired?
- Will the letter be sent today?
天津考试真题
将 “The book was written by him.” 改为否定句。
✅ The book was not written by him.
将 “The room is cleaned every day.” 改为一般疑问句。
✅ Is the room cleaned every day?
六、天津各区考试真题
南开区六年级期末
题型:用所给词的适当形式填空
-
The classroom ___ (clean) by the students every day. ✅ is cleaned(一般现在时被动)
-
These photos ___ (take) last summer. ✅ were taken(一般过去时被动,photos是复数)
-
The cake ___ (make) by my grandmother yesterday evening. ✅ was made(一般过去时被动,cake是单数)
-
English ___ (speak) in many countries. ✅ is spoken(一般现在时被动,English是单数)
河西区六年级期末
题型:选择填空
-
The bridge ___ in 2020. A. built B. was built C. is built D. builds ✅ B. was built(2020年是过去时间,桥是被建造的)
-
Rice ___ in the south of China. A. grow B. is grown C. grows D. grew ✅ B. is grown(水稻是被种植的,一般现在时被动)
-
The book ___ by many children. A. is loved B. loves C. loving D. is love ✅ A. is loved(书是被喜爱的)
和平区六年级期末
题型:按要求改写句子
-
Tom writes a letter to his mother every week.(改为被动句) ✅ A letter is written by Tom to his mother every week.
-
The workers built this school in 2015.(改为被动句) ✅ This school was built by the workers in 2015.
河东区六年级期中
题型:判断对错
-
The window is broke by Tom.( ) ✅ ❌ 应为:The window is broken by Tom. (break的过去分词是broken,不是broke)
-
Many trees are planted every year.( ) ✅ ✅ 正确
七、被动语态的常见错误
错误1:忘加be动词
❌ The book written by him. ✅ The book was written by him.
纠正方法:记住”被动语态必须有be动词”,没有be动词就不是被动语态。
错误2:过去分词形式用错
❌ The window is breaked. ✅ The window is broken.
❌ The cake is eated. ✅ The cake is eaten.
纠正方法:熟记不规则动词的过去分词形式。可以按分组记忆(如:sing-sang-sung, ring-rang-rung, drink-drank-drunk)。
错误3:时态和被动搞混
❌ The book is wrote by him.(is + wrote混搭) ✅ The book is written by him.(is + 过去分词) ✅ The book was written by him.(过去时)
纠正方法:区分”时态”和”语态”两个概念——时态告诉时间,语态告诉主被动。
错误4:主动被动不分
❌ The party is helded last week.(时态错了) ✅ The party was held last week.
纠正方法:注意时间状语,判断是用一般现在时还是一般过去时的被动语态。
八、被动语态的趣味练习
练习一:句子变身游戏
和孩子互相出题,把主动句变成被动句(或者反过来):
家长:The boy broke the window. 孩子:The window was broken by the boy.
孩子:The book is read by my sister. 家长:My sister reads the book.
练习二:找错游戏
从孩子的作文或练习中找到主动和被动使用不当的地方,一起讨论为什么会错。
练习三:句型对照表
制作一份对照表,贴在孩子的书桌前:
| 时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | cleans | is/are cleaned |
| 一般过去时 | cleaned | was/were cleaned |
| 一般将来时 | will clean | will be cleaned |
| 情态动词 | can clean | can be cleaned |
九、被动语态跟阅读和写作的关系
对阅读的帮助
很多英语文章(尤其是说明文、科普文)大量使用被动语态。孩子理解了被动语态后,阅读时会更容易理解句意:
“The experiment was conducted by scientists. The results were published in a journal.”
如果不懂被动语态,孩子会困惑:实验怎么”被做”?结果怎么”被发布”?
对写作的提升
在写作中适当使用被动语态,可以让文章更有层次:
只用主动:My family visited the museum. We saw many interesting things. The guide told us stories.
加入被动:My family visited the museum. Many interesting things were seen. We were told stories by the guide.
看,加入被动句后,文章的表达方式更丰富了!
结语:被动语态不是”魔鬼”
对于天津五年级以上的小学生来说,被动语态是一个必须跨过的坎。但与其把它当成一个可怕的语法点,不如把它理解为一个”反转游戏”——把动作的执行者和承受者交换位置,同时给动词穿上”be + 过去分词”的外衣。
胡老师的小建议:
- 五升六暑假开始接触:利用假期提前了解被动语态的基本概念
- 从常见动词开始:先掌握clean/do/make/write/see/eat等常用动词的过去分词
- 学会区分时态:先确定时态,再确定be动词的形式
- 多做对比练习:主动句和被动句互相转换,加深理解
掌握被动语态,孩子就拿到了英语语法学习中的一把新钥匙。加油!
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